Interplay between RAGE and TLR4 Regulates HMGB1-Induced Inflammation by Promoting Cell Surface Expression of RAGE and TLR4.

Receptor for advanced glycation end-products and TLR4 play an important role in the inflammatory response against High-mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1), a late proinflammatory cytokine and a damage-associated molecular pattern. As cell surface receptors, both and TLR4 are constantly trafficking between the cytoplasm and plasma membrane. However, whether TLR4 is related to the intracellular transport of duanyu1648 in HMGB1-induced inflammation remains unknown. In this study, we demonstrated that HMGB1 not only increased duanyu1648 expression in both the cytoplasm and plasma membrane but also upregulated the expression of TLR4 in the plasma membrane. Knocking out of duanyu1648 led to decreased MAPK activation, TLR4 cellular membrane expression, and corresponding inflammatory cytokine generation. Meanwhile, inhibiting MAPK activation also decreased TLR4 surface expression. These results indicated that HMGB1 may bind to cell surface duanyu1648 receptors on the cell surface, leading to MAPK activation, thus promoting TLR4 translocation on the cell surface, but does not regulate its transcription and translation. In contrast, TLR4 can increase the transcription and translation of which translocates to the cell surface and is able to bind to more HMGB1. The cell surface receptors TLR4 and duanyu1648 bind to HMGB1, leading to the transcription and secretion of inflammatory cytokines. Finally, we also observed these results in the mice pseudofracture model, which is closely related to HMGB1-induced inflammatory response. All these results demonstrated that the interplay between duanyu1648 and TLR4 are critical for HMGB1-induced inflammatory response.

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