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Melanopsin and the Intrinsically Photosensitive Retinal Ganglion Cells: Biophysics to Behavior.

Neuron. 2019 Oct 23;104(2):205-226
Michael Tri H Do 1
Michael Tri H Do 1

[No authors listed]

Author information
  • 1 F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center and Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Center for Life Science 12061, 3 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Electronic address: michael.do@childrens.harvard.edu.

摘要


The mammalian visual system encodes information over a remarkable breadth of spatiotemporal scales and light intensities. This performance originates with its complement of photoreceptors: the classic rods and cones, as well as the intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs). IpRGCs capture light with a G-protein-coupled receptor called melanopsin, depolarize like photoreceptors of invertebrates such as Drosophila, discharge electrical spikes, and innervate dozens of brain areas to influence physiology, behavior, perception, and mood. Several visual responses rely on melanopsin to be sustained and maximal. Some require ipRGCs to occur at all. IpRGCs fulfill their roles using mechanisms that include an unusual conformation of the melanopsin protein, an extraordinarily slow phototransduction cascade, divisions of labor even among cells of a morphological type, and unorthodox configurations of circuitry. The study of ipRGCs has yielded insight into general topics that include photoreceptor evolution, cellular diversity, and the steps from biophysical mechanisms to behavior.

KEYWORDS: circadian rhythms, intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cell, melanopsin, membrane excitability, opsin, phototransduction, pupillary reflex, retina, signal transduction, sleep