Hit and run versus long-term activation of PARP-1 by its different domains fine-tunes nuclear processes.

Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 is a multidomain multifunctional nuclear enzyme involved in the regulation of the chromatin structure and transcription. consists of three functional domains: the N-terminal DNA-binding domain (DBD) containing three zinc fingers, the automodification domain (A), and the C-terminal domain, which includes the protein interacting WGR domain (W) and the catalytic (Cat) subdomain responsible for the poly(ADP ribosyl)ating reaction. The mechanisms coordinating the functions of these domains and determining the positioning of Pduanyu37-1 in chromatin remain unknown. Using multiple deletional isoforms of lacking one or another of its three domains, as well as consisting of only one of those domains, we demonstrate that different functions of Pduanyu37-1 are coordinated by interactions among these domains and their targets. Interaction between the DBD and damaged DNA leads to a short-term binding and activation of This "hit and run" activation of Pduanyu37-1 initiates the DNA repair pathway at a specific point. The long-term chromatin loosening required to sustain transcription takes place when the C-terminal domain of Pduanyu37-1 binds to chromatin by interacting with histone H4 in the nucleosome. This long-term activation of Pduanyu37-1 results in a continuous accumulation of pADPr, which maintains chromatin in the loosened state around a certain locus so that the transcription machinery has continuous access to DNA. Cooperation between the DBD and C-terminal domain occurs in response to heat shock (HS), allowing Pduanyu37-1 to scan chromatin for specific binding sites.

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