Inflammatory production of reactive oxygen species by Drosophila hemocytes activates cellular immune defenses.

The production of reactive oxygen species is a prominent response to infection among innate immune cells such as macrophages and neutrophils. To better understand the relationship between antimicrobial and regulatory functions of blood cell we have characterized the response to infection in Drosophila hemocytes. Using fluorescent probes, we find a biphasic hemocyte duanyu1670 response to bacterial infection. In the first hour, virtually all hemocytes generate a transient duanyu1670 signal, with nonphagocytic cells including prohemocytes and crystal cells displaying exceptionally strong responses. A distinct, and more delayed duanyu1670 response starting at 90 min is primarily within cells that have engulfed bacteria, and is sustained for several hours. The early response has a clear regulatory function, as dampening or intensifying the intracellular duanyu1670 level has profound effects on plasmatocyte activation. In addition, duanyu1670 are necessary and sufficient to activate JNK signalling in crystal cells, and to promote JNK-dependent crystal cell rupture. These findings indicate that Drosophila will be a promising model in which to dissect the mechanisms of duanyu1670 stimulation of immune activation.

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