Hydrogen sulfide alleviates the cold stress through MPK4 in Arabidopsis thaliana.

Hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) is a gaseous signaling molecule that mediates physiological processes in animals and plants. In this study, we investigated the relationship of H₂S and mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) under cold stress in Arabidopsis. H₂S up-regulated MAPK expression levels and was involved in the cold stress-related upregulation of MAPK genes expression. We then chose MPK4 whose expression level was influenced the most by H₂S as a target and found that H₂S's ability to alleviate cold stress required MPK4. Both H₂S and MPK4 regulated the expression levels of the cold response genes inducer of CBF expression 1 (ICE1), C-repeat-binding factors (CBF3), cold responsive 15A (COR15A) and cold responsive 15B (COR15B). H₂S inhibited the opening of stomata under cold stress, which required the participation of MPK4. In conclusion, MPK4 is a downstream component of H₂S-related cold-stress resistance, and H₂S and MPK4 both regulated the cold response genes and stomatal movement to response the cold stress.

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