Vimentin intermediate filaments undergo spatial reorganization in endothelial cells and fibroblasts in response to stimulation with platelet-derived growth factor and epidermal growth factor. In the present study, the vimentin network exhibited a curved filamentous structure in unstimulated smooth muscle cells. Vimentin filaments became straight and were arranged along the long axis of cells upon stimulation with 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT; serotonin). Stimulation of smooth muscle cells with 5-HT also induced phosphorylation of vimentin on Ser-56. Treatment of cells with small interfering RNA selectively down-regulated the expression of PAK1 (p21-activated kinase 1) without affecting the content of smooth muscle alpha-actin. The silencing of PAK1 inhibited the site-specific phosphorylation and spatial rearrangement of the vimentin network in response to stimulation with 5-HT. Neither the disruption of stress fibres by cytochalasin D nor the inhibition of protein tyrosine phosphorylation affects the spatial reorganization of vimentin intermediate filaments in response to stimulation with 5-HT. In addition, stimulation of smooth muscle cells with 5-HT increased the ratio of soluble to insoluble vimentin. PAK1 silencing attenuated increases in the ratio of soluble to insoluble vimentin upon stimulation with 5-HT. These results suggest that the PAK-mediated site-specific phosphorylation of vimentin may play a role in regulating the reorganization of vimentin intermediate filaments during stimulation of smooth muscle cells with 5-HT.